- Last Frost Date and First Frost Date by State and StationPick a state and a NOAA weather station to see the last spring freeze and first fall freeze at 10%, 50% and 90% odds, plus a seed-starting calendar.
- What Does Last Frost Date Mean? 10%, 50% and 90% ExplainedA last frost date is a probability, not a deadline. Learn what the 10%, 50% and 90% dates and the 36, 32 and 28 °F thresholds mean, with a real example.
- Seed Starting Calculator: When to Start Seeds IndoorsEnter your average last frost date and get when to start seeds indoors and when to move transplants outside for broccoli, onions, tomatoes and peppers.
- When to Plant Tomatoes: Start Seeds and Move Transplants OutTomatoes need 5 to 9 weeks indoors and go outside 1 to 3 weeks after the average last frost. See the dates worked out for three real weather stations.
- When to Plant Peppers: Seed Starting and Transplant DatesPeppers need 6 to 9 weeks indoors and go outside 1 to 3 weeks after the average last frost. See the dates worked out for three real weather stations.
- When to Start Broccoli and Cabbage Seeds IndoorsBroccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and kale need 5 to 7 weeks indoors. Broccoli goes out 2 to 5 weeks before the last frost. See dates for three weather stations.
- When to Start Onion Seeds Indoors (Onions, Leeks, Shallots)Onions, leeks and shallots need 4 to 8 weeks indoors and go outside 2 to 5 weeks before the average last frost. See dates for three weather stations.
- Cool-Season vs Warm-Season Vegetables: Timing from the Frost DateCool-season crops go out 2 to 5 weeks before the last frost, warm-season crops 1 to 3 weeks after. Indoor weeks and soil temperatures for nine crop groups.
- First Frost Date by 10%, 50% and 90% ChanceSee how NOAA's first-freeze dates describe fall risk, with 10%, 50% and 90% examples for Columbus, Cleveland and Austin.
- Growing Season Length by Frost DatesCalculate a climate-normal growing-season interval from the 50% spring and fall freeze dates, and see how the length differs by station.
- Fall Planting Calculator: Find a Latest Sowing DateCount backward from a NOAA first-frost date using the seed packet's days to harvest, optional transplant time and harvest window, plus the UNL Fall Factor.
- Soil Temperature for Vegetable Seed GerminationCompare minimum, optimum and maximum soil temperatures for 27 vegetables using Alabama Extension's germination table.
- How to Harden Off Seedlings Before PlantingCompare Nebraska and South Dakota Extension's 7–14 day hardening guidance, including different first-day exposure times and weather cautions.
- How to Protect Plants from Frost and FreezeLearn which covers and precautions North Carolina Extension recommends, and how its crop thresholds relate to NOAA's frost, freeze and hard-freeze temperatures.
- Frost-Tolerant Vegetables: Hardy, Semi-Hardy and Sensitive CropsCompare Nebraska and North Carolina Extension's crop groups for fall frost planning, including where their lists classify cabbage differently.
Frost dates come from NOAA's 1991–2020 climate normals. Planting timing comes from university extension guidance. Every page names its sources and shows its arithmetic.